We frame this assessment as the task of constructing a probability distribution for the relative severity of each year, incorporating both observational data – such as satellite measurements – and prior information on human impact – such as farmers’ reports – the latter of which may be incompletely measured or partially ordered. For this class of problems, it is important to quantitatively assess how severe a year was relative to other years, accounting for both the level of uncertainty among weather indicators and those indicators’ relationship to humanitarian consequences.
Tetra tech how to#
The correlation factor of 0.5 between f s and UCS is thus recommended for estimating rock socket friction for design of deep foundations in weak carbonate rock formations.ĭecision-makers in climate risk management often face problems of how to reconcile diverse and conflicting sources of information about weather and its impact on human activity, such as when they are determining a quantitative threshold for when to act on satellite data. The resulting maximum settlements are found to be well within the acceptable limits. The actual ground profile and foundation layout of La Maison tower is then modelled in Plaxis with the required foundation depth derived using the recommended corelation, to check serviceability limits.
Tetra tech skin#
Bi-directional load test data from La Maison tower site is then simulated in Plaxis, and ultimate skin friction developed is compared against the skin friction calculated using the new corelation.
The dataset used in this study, is one of the largest used for weak rocks, with high test loads in the range of 100 to 320MN and the depth of foundations mostly in the range of 20 to 87m below ground level. This paper presents a correlation between f s and UCS of weak rock, developed using data from 44 bidirectional load tests from high-capacity deep foundations in weak rocks. There is a large variation in foundation design depths calculated using these correlations. Most of the published correlations of f s to UCS were developed based on load tests on low-capacity piles in specific geological conditions, using UCS values not necessarily representative over the test depth. Historically, deep foundations in weak rock have been designed as friction elements using frictional resistance (f s ) calculated from the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of rock. These results signify the need for more nuanced fuel stacking information in policy design and program evaluation. We also underscore that cooking gas is popular and able to meet all cooking needs, but it is important to consider the use of biomass for non-cooking tasks to enable a complete transition to clean cooking fuels. Our results highlight considerable heterogeneity in fuel use behaviors among households in the same stacking category. Seasonality is another important consideration as 75% of fuel stackers reported switching their primary fuel across seasons of the year, with nearly 90% primarily using gas during the rainy season. Non-cooking energy needs, like space and water heating, motivates 40% of biomass users to use polluting fuels. Across all stackers, about half use their secondary fuel daily, while about one-fifth use it less than once per week. We observe significant variations in the intensity of secondary fuel use among households in the same stacking group. We classify stackers into four groups based on their reported primary and secondary fuels (e.g., primary gas and secondary firewood). Half of rural and one-third of urban slum households stacked a clean and polluting fuel together. We use survey data from 2,765 households in rural communities and urban slums in six north Indian states to detail fuel stacking practices. However, the specific ways households use both polluting and clean fuels together, known as fuel stacking, is not fully understood. Evidence to date suggests most recent clean fuel adopters continue to use polluting biomass for some household energy needs. Expanding the use of clean cooking fuels has been a priority for the Government of India in recent years to obtain potential public health and women’s empowerment benefits.
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